research Paper

Who pays when climate-resilient WASH fails? Financing, public obligations and household risk in South and Southeast Asia

This comparative desk study was jointly developed by DeveloPlan and Arandu Development Business. It examines eight climate–WASH programmes across seven countries in South and Southeast Asia, supplemented by three Asian philanthropic and impact-finance arrangements and an external Ugandan comparator. Drawing on programme appraisals, financial disclosures, implementation reports and evaluations, we trace capital commitments, recurrent funding and risk allocation across governments, service providers, investors and households. The analysis distinguishes intended financing arrangements from observed performance and assesses what the available evidence can establish about financial sustainability, inclusion and resilience.